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duminică, 5 august 2012

Mental Abuse Hurts Children Just As Much As Physical Abuse

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) position statement on psychological maltreatment, psychological abuse in young children can be just as damaging in terms of the children's physical, mental and emotional health than physical abuse like punch, kick or slap.

The August issue of the journal Pediatrics reports that one of the biggest challenges is to detect this prevalent form of child abuse and neglect.

According to Dr. Harriet MacMillan, a professor in the departments of psychiatry and behavioral neurosciences and pediatrics of McMaster University's Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine and the Offord Centre for Child Studies, exploiting, belittling, terrorizing or denigrating a child or being emotionally unresponsive as well as corrupting a child to the point where a child's wellbeing is at risk are all forms of psychological abuse.

MacMillan, who holds the David R. (Dan) Offord Chair in Child Studies at McMaster is one of three authors of the position statement, says: "We are talking about extremes and the likelihood of harm, or risk of harm, resulting from the kinds of behavior that make a child feel worthless, unloved or unwanted."

She describes a case whereby a mother leaves her child alone in a crib all day or a father who involves his teenage child in his drug habit.

MacMillan continued that parents who raise their voice towards a child after having asked the child for the tenth time to do their chores is not psychological abuse, saying:

"But, yelling at a child every day and giving the message that the child is a terrible person, and that the parent regrets bringing the child into this world, is an example of a potentially very harmful form of interaction."

Scientific literature has described psychological abuse over two-and-a-half decades ago, yet MacMillan states that it has remained under-recognized and under-reported and that the impact of psychological child abuse "can be as harmful as other types of maltreatment."

Psychological maltreatment has an impact on the development of children. Psychological abuse is therefore associated with various problems, including disorders of attachment, developmental, educational and socialization problems as well as disruptive behavior.

"The effects of psychological maltreatment during the first three years of life can be particularly profound."

Psychological abuse happens in many types of families, although it is more frequent in homes where there is family conflict, multiple stresses, physical violence, mental health issues, depression or substance abuse.

Unlike the few existing studies that report on the prevalence of psychological abuse, the position statement reveals that large population-based, self-report studies in the UK and the U.S. have discovered that around 8 to 9% of women and 4% of men reported exposure to severe psychological abuse during childhood.

Pediatricians must be aware if they see potential signs of psychological abuse, even though little evidence is available on potentially successful methods to tackle the problem. The statement indicates that it is vital for children at risk for pediatric, psychiatric and child protective services to collaborate.

Written by Petra Rattue
Copyright: Medical News Today
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Visit our pediatrics / children's health section for the latest news on this subject. "Psychological Maltreatment"
Roberta Hibbard, MD, Jane Barlow, DPhil, Harriet MacMillan, MD
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Stem Cell Therapy May Fix Defects From Injuries To Head And Mouth

Researchers have discovered, in the first human study of its kind, that it is faster, more effective and less invasive using stem cells to re-grow craniofacial tissues, i.e. mainly bone, compared with traditional bone regeneration treatments.

The clinical trial was a collaboration of researchers from the University of Michigan School of Dentistry and the Michigan Center for Oral Health Research together with Ann Arbor-based Aastrom Biosciences Inc. involving 24 patients who required jawbone reconstruction after tooth removal. The researchers divided the patients into two groups, with one group receiving experimental tissue repair cells (ixmyelocel-T) and the other group receiving traditional guided bone regeneration therapy. The tissue repair cells ixmyelocel-T are currently being development at Aastrom.

Leading investigator Darnell Kaigler, who is assistant professor at the U-M School of Dentistry said:

"In patients with jawbone deficiencies who also have missing teeth, it is very difficult to replace the missing teeth so that they look and function naturally. This technology and approach could potentially be used to restore areas of bone loss so that missing teeth can be replaced with dental implants."

Kaigler stated that the treatment is best suited for large defects, like those resulting from trauma, diseases or birth defects, since these are very challenging to treat due to their complex nature of requiring various different tissue types, including bone, skin and gum tissue.

He continued saying that the key advantage of using stem cell therapy is that the patient's own cells are used to regenerate tissue instead of using man-made, foreign materials.

The study achieved promising results. Study participants in the cell therapy group received dental implants at 6 and 12 weeks after their experimental cell therapy and were noted to have a greater bone density and quicker bone repair compared with those who underwent traditional guided bone regeneration therapy. They also needed less secondary bone grafting when receiving their implants compared with the traditional bone regeneration group.

The team used cells extracted from the patient's hip bone marrow, which was subsequently processed using Aastrom's proprietary system. This allows the growths of many different cells, including stem cells, which were then relocated into different areas in the patient's mouth and jaw.

Kaigler concluded saying that stem cell therapies are still probably 5-10 years away from becoming a standard treatment for oral and facial injuries and defects and that more clinical trials need to be conducted, which include a larger number of patients with larger craniofacial defects.

Written by Petra Rattue
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Introduction Of The Medicare Diabetes Prevention Act Praised By The American Diabetes Association

Senators Al Franken (D-MN), John D. Rockefeller (D-WV), and Richard G. Lugar (R-IN) have been leaders in the effort to stop diabetes by introducing the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Act; new legislation that provides coverage of the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) under the Medicare Program.

At the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National DPP is a public-private partnership that includes private insurers, government agencies, and community organizations.

Based on an NIH clinical trial that showed participants over the age of 60 could effectively reduce their risk of diabetes by 71 percent, the proven prevention program provides evidence-based programs.

Coverage of this crucial program by Medicare is a fiscal breakthrough for the health of the nation by decreasing federal expenditures on diabetes and its crippling complications, such as: blindness, end-stage kidney disease, and amputation.

L. Hunter Limbaugh, Chair of the Board, American Diabetes Association, said:

"The American Diabetes Association strongly supports the introduction of the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Act.This legislation will provide our nation's seniors with access to proven diabetes prevention programs that will drastically change the course of type 2 diabetes among this high-risk population."

Diabetes is a serious nationwide public health problem. Almost half of all American adults over the age of 65 have prediabetes and are at enormous risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The expansion of community-based diabetes prevention programs will not only prevent diabetes from developing in adults, but will also save $191 billion in health care costs over a 10 year span, according to The Urban Institute. The timing is ideal for Congress to support proven and cost-effective programs to reduce health care costs, and most importantly, improve the lives of Americans.

According to the NIH (National Institutes of Health), in the USA: 8.3% of the US population are affected with diabetes; a total of 25.8 million.18.8 million have been diagnose with diabetes.At least 7 million people have diabetes but have not been diagnosed. (Experts say this is a conservative number.)If diabetes incidence continues growing at its present rate, within the next twenty years the percentage of people in the country with the disease will probably more than double.Written by Kelly Fitzgerald
Copyright: Medical News Today
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Spray-On Skin Helps Heal Wounds

Spraying living skin cells directly onto the wound was found to heal venous leg ulcers better than standard care, according to the results of a trial published online first in The Lancet on Friday.

The phase 2b clinical trial tested a "spray-on skin" that is under development for the treatment of venous leg ulcers. It contains two types of living, growth-arrested skin cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts.

The treatment, which is described as an "allogeneic living cell bioformulation" is being developed by Healthpoint Biotherapeutics of Fort Worth, Texas.

The bioformulation, called HP802-247, contains a particular combination of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, which are thought to interact with the patient's own cells to promote wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Results of previous lab culture experiments suggest they release various growth factors and cytokines into the wound environment, said the company in a statement.

About 2.5 million Americans suffer from leg ulcers, an increasingly common condition where circulation in the lower legs is so poor, usually because of damaged veins or valves or both, that it leads to open wounds or ulcers that are very slow to heal and often recur, developing into chronic non-healing wounds.

The trial, which took place in 28 centers in the US and Canada, tested the effectiveness of two concentrations and dosing frequencies of the treatment when combined with standard care, compared to control plus standard care, in healing venous leg ulcers over a 12-week period.

228 patients were randomly assigned in a double blind manner to receive one of four doses (5·0 x 10 million cells per mL every 7 days or every 14 days, or 0·5 x 10 million cells per mL every 7 days or every 14 days), or the control formulation (vehicle alone every 7 days). (Double blind means neither the patients nor the professionals who administered the treatment knew whether they were using the active agent or the control).

Each patient had up to three venous leg ulcers, with diagnosis confirmed by ultrasound, and with at least one ulcer measuring between 2 and 12 square cm in area, that had persisted for between 4 and 104 weeks.

The primary measure of success was the average change in wound area by the end of week 12.

Overall, the spray-on skin achieved statistically significant improvement, as compared with control plus standard care.

The authors write there was a "significantly greater mean reduction in wound area associated with active treatment", with the "0·5 x 10 million cells/mL every 14 days showing the largest improvement compared with vehicle".

The most frequently reported adverse events were skin ulcers, cellulitis, wound infection, and skin irritation. These were much the same in all groups.

The authors conclude that at the appropriate dose, "venous leg ulcers can be healed with a spray formulation of allogeneic neonatal keratinocytes and fibroblasts without the need for tissue engineering".

In an accompanying commentary, Matthias Augustin, of the University of Hamburg, and Wolfgang Vanscheidt, of Dermatologische Praxisgemeinschafts in Freiberg, Germany, note that:

"In a well-done clinical trial in The Lancet, Robert Kirsner and colleagues have clearly shown that a specific cell therapy for venous leg ulcers can lead to a significantly higher healing rate than for vehicle alone in hard-to-heal [venous] wounds for which compression treatment has been applied unsuccessfully."

Written by Catharine Paddock PhD
Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today

Visit our dermatology section for the latest news on this subject. "Spray-applied cell therapy with human allogeneic fibroblasts and keratinocytes for the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers: a phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial"; Robert S Kirsner, William A Marston, Robert J Snyder, Tommy D Lee, D Innes Cargill, Herbert B Slade; The Lancet, 3 August 2012; DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60644-8; Link to Abstract.
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posted by Betsy on 4 Aug 2012 at 8:25 pm

I have lividoid vasculopothy and have been suffering with venous ulcers for over 20 years. I am 45. It has never completely gone away, but is better than it has ever been. The worst part is the painful and reoccurring wounds and constant infection. How do I find out more? This is exciting news!

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Sepsis Causes Come To Light

Death caused by infectious diseases occurs in the majority deaths, not because of the actual pathogen itself, but because of an excessive inflammatory immune response (sepsis). For example, as a result of organ damage.

Sepsis is also the second most frequent cause of death on intensive care units. Especially in patients with a severely compromised immune system, life-threatening candida fungal infections can pose a high risk of sepsis.

Leading researcher Karl Kuchler and his team at the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology at the Max. F. Perutz Laboratories at the Vienna Biocenter Campus have now discovered the molecular causes of life-threatening inflammatory reactions that are triggered by fungal infections.

They discovered that inflammatory reaction in a candida infection is mediated by two of the immune system's highly aggressive types of phagocytes called neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. Both phagocytes also have a high potential for collateral destruction.

Certain Interferons, i.e. the immune system's messenger substances that are excreted during fungal infections stimulate the growth of immune cell types, infecting organs and leading to sepsis.

Kuchler, said:

"We have been able to demonstrate for the first time that the targeted blockade of this immune response with inflammation-inhibiting drugs can significantly reduce candida sepsis and therefore mortality."

Kuchler used pioglitazone as an anti-inflammatory substance in the study, which is also used as an active ingredient in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

He administered the medication in a mouse model and noted that the number and activity of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes were significantly reduced, raising the animals' survival rate for invasive candida infections.

Kuchler continued: "The targeted blockade of excessive immune responses could therefore provide new therapeutic approaches to increase the chances of recovery from life-threatening fungal sepsis."

The world's number one cause of death is infectious diseases, and pathogenic fungi are responsible for extremely dangerous infections. Over € 6 billion are spent each year worldwide on anti-fungal medications, and the overall treatment costs for pathogenic fungi-related infectious diseases is estimated to be hundreds of billions of Euros.

Written by Grace Rattue
Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today

Visit our infectious diseases / bacteria / viruses section for the latest news on this subject. "Type I Interferons Promote Fatal Immunopathology by Regulating Inflammatory Monocytes and Neutrophils during Candida Infections"
Olivia Majer, Christelle Bourgeois, Florian Zwolanek, Caroline Lassnig, Dontscho Kerjaschki, Matthias Mack, Mathias Müller, Karl Kuchler
PLoS Pathogens, August 2012, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002811 Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

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posted by Su Su on 4 Aug 2012 at 5:12 am

Research has shown that a simple vitamin in a high dose can cure sepsis. It is also not expensive to cure using the vitamin. Wake up hospitals!

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The Influence Of Gender On Smoking Cessation

New research has looked into the enduring assumption that women are less successful than men in quitting smoking. The study, published in Tobacco Control, found convincing proof that across all age groups "there [is] relatively little difference in cessation between the sexes."

Data was examined from major national surveys in Canada, the United States, and England in order to approximate the rates of smoking cessation by age in men and women. All of the countries surveyed had a consistency in the pattern of sex differences in smoking cessation.

The authors revealed, "below age 50, women were more likely to have given up smoking completely compared to men, while among older age groups, men were more likely to have quit than women." There were sex differences in different age groups, but the researchers are not positive as to what accounted for this finding.

This is the most recent and largest epidemiological study to date, and the researchers found no convincing evidence to support the longstanding claims that smoking cessation is harder for females. The authors wrote, "The myth of female disadvantage at quitting smoking is bad, first and foremost, for women," because it could discourage them quickly and stop trying to quit, before they find out for themselves if they really can.

The researchers also pointed out that this claim could be harmful for men as well who may think they are at an advantage and then not put forth any effort to quit their bad habit. "It is time to put aside the idea that women are less successful than met at giving up smoking," they said.

The difficulty of smoking cessation based on sex should not be ignored, even though this new study did not reveal such findings. Several studies have shown that women experience more severe withdrawal symptoms than men, which makes quitting much harder and more uncomfortable for these women. Women are also less likely than men to have a beneficial experience from nicotine replacement therapy, which adds to the difficulty some women face when trying to quit.

Smoking is a terrible habit and difficult to quit, because smoking can lead to nicotine dependence and serious health problems. Smoking cessation can dramatically decrease the risk of health issues caused by tobacco use. There are beneficial treatments available for people struggling with chronic tobacco use. Multiple intervention methods will also help with dependence from the drug. Statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta revealed, "there are more former smokers than current smokers," today in our country.

In order to improve the length and quality of a smoker's life, the smoker must put an end to their nicotine addiction. If men and women cannot quit smoking on their own, there are many options available that will help fight their nicotine addictions.

The authors also pointed out that women who stop smoking relapse for different reasons than men. Stress, weight control, and negative emotions are all reasons women gave who have relapsed. Cessation programs need to look into this information in order to be successful.

While the majority of smokers are able to stop tobacco use on their own, some people may need help to quit. The CDC has made a list of effective methods to help them do so: Brief clinical interventions, such as a 10 minute meeting with a doctor where he offers advice and assistanceBehavioral cessation therapiesCounseling - individual, group, or online/phoneMedication, such as nicotine replacement products, prescription and non-prescription medication including certain SSRI'sWhile women smokers try to quit smoking, they should also apply proper weight management, emotional and psychological support, which will help them have a smoke-free lifestyle long-term. Smoking cessation is not an easy challenge, whether male or female, but one that can be overcome and will provide great changes in a person's quality of life and overall health.

Written by Sarah Glynn
Copyright: Medical News Today
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Visit our smoking / quit smoking section for the latest news on this subject.
Martin J Jarvis, Joanna E Cohen, Cristine D Delnevo, Gary A Giovino
Tobacco Control July 2012 doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050279 Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

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Genetic Clue Discovered For Why Women Outlive Men

A new study of mitochondrial DNA in fruit flies offers a number of clues that might explain why females tend to outlive males across much of the animal kingdom, including humans.

Researchers from Monash University in Australia and Lancaster University in the UK, write about their work in the 2 August online issue of Current Biology.

They found male fruit flies appear to have mutations in their mitochondrial DNA that affect how fast they age and how long they live.

Scientists use fruit flies as models for studies in genes and aging because their biological processes are remarkably similar to that of other animals, such as humans, and with a lifespan of about a month, it doesn't take too long to investigate generational effects.

Senior author Damian Dowling, a research fellow in the Monash School of Biological Sciences, told the press:

"All animals possess mitochondria, and the tendency for females to outlive males is common to many different species. Our results therefore suggest that the mitochondrial mutations we have uncovered will generally cause faster male aging across the animal kingdom."

"Intriguingly, these same mutations have no effects on patterns of aging in females. They only affect males," he added.

Mitochondria are special subunits of cells, about the same size as bacteria, that provide the energy for life. They combine sugar and oxygen into adenosine triphosphate or ATP, molecular packets of energy that are usable by cells.

Mitochondria have their own DNA that is quite separate from the cellular DNA in the nucleus of the cell.

And, unlike cellular DNA, which is inherited from the sperm and egg that fuse to make the new individual, mitochondrial DNA comes only from the egg.

Thus, as mitochondrial DNA is passed down from generation to generation, the process of natural selection has no opportunity to "screen out" mutations in mitochondrial DNA that might be harmful to males. The researchers refer to this as a "sex-specific selective sieve".

For their study, Dowling and colleagues looked at differences in longevity and biological aging in male and female fruit flies whose mitochondria came from different origins.

They found genetic variations in both male and female mitochondrial DNA, but only the male ones could be linked to life expectancy. There weren't just a few mutations in one place, there were several, spread all over the mitochondrial genome:

"... our results indicate that the mitochondrial mutation loads affecting male aging generally comprise numerous mutations over multiple sites," they write.

The researchers suggest the mutations are entirely due to the way mitochondrial DNA is passed down through the female line.

"If a mitochondrial mutation occurs that harms fathers, but has no effect on mothers, this mutation will slip through the gaze of natural selection, unnoticed. Over thousands of generations, many such mutations have accumulated that harm only males, while leaving females unscathed," Dowling explained.

In an earlier study that looked at the effect of mitochondria being passed down the female line, the team had also discovered a link with male infertility.

Dowling said combining this latest study with their earlier work suggests mitochondria are "hotspots" for mutations that influece male health.

"What we seek to do now is investigate the genetic mechanisms that males might arm themselves with to nullify the effects of these harmful mutations and remain healthy," said Dowling.

Written by Catharine Paddock PhD
Copyright: Medical News Today
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Visit our seniors / aging section for the latest news on this subject. "Mitochondria, Maternal Inheritance, and Male Aging "; M. Florencia Camus, David J. Clancy, Damian K. Dowling; Current Biology, 02 August 2012; DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.018; Link to Abstract.
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posted by Ecologist on 4 Aug 2012 at 5:27 am
The idea is that males get mitochondria only from their mother, but the problem with it is that both males and females inherit mitochondria from their mother. This is not a nuclear scene where there are two sets of genes (or alleles), and the defect goes unnoticed in a female. At most this is a one-generation effect between the mother and her sons. There is also a one-generation effect between the mother and her daughters. Unless the researcher is proposing that male cells interact with their mitochondria in ways that females do not, then there is a logic flaw in their argument.
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posted by Kitfox on 3 Aug 2012 at 6:56 am
Is this research screening all flies or just the married ones? The data could be flawed. What we need to look into is the nagging genes of the females of the species and turn it off. Once that has been achieved the males will no longer mutate their genes ON PURPOSE in order to shorten the suffering period. :)
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